Geocentric Model:

This model seems to be "common sense" and it is hard to imagine history without it. It seems very human that an observer would consider him/herself and the immediate surroundings as the preferred frame of reference. This model puts the Earth at the center of things and attempts to explain celestial motions relative to that center. It is also called the Ptolemaic universe after the astronomer, Ptolemy (~100-170 AD), who compiled and published a treatise which synthesized the prevailing Aristotelian view of the universe.

In this view, the Earth is at the center of things, with the Sun, Moon and planets traveling in circular tracks carried on crystalline spheres which are centered upon the Earth. Beyond those spheres, the fixed stars are on the surface of another sphere. The emphasis on circles and spheres reflects Plato's emphasis on perfection and the notion that spheres are the most perfect geometrical figures. This emphasis on heavenly perfection was an essential part of the Platonic foundation of this model.

Retrograde motion is handled by the suggestion that the planets actually revolve around points on the circular orbit and that these points themselves go around the Earth in a circle. By adjusting the speed of motion around the circle and subsidiary circles, the position of a planet in the sky could be calculated as well as it could be measured at that time. Since this accuracy also applied to positions in the future, the model was a good predictor. This model, along with much of Aristotle's thought, was consistent with the Judeo-Christian view of the universe, and it became part of the orthodox medieval understanding of the world, with unpleasant consequences for heretics.

http://www.clpccd.cc.ca.us/cc/maj/sam/astrdept/geo.html

http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/astronomy/astr101/kepler.htm